Quantum chemical calculations of non-linear optical absorption

Abstract: This thesis represents a quantum chemical treatise ofvarious types of interactions between radiation and molecularsystems, with special emphasis on the nonlinear opticalprocesses of Multi-Photon Absorption and Excited StateAbsorption. Excitation energies, transition dipole moments,two-photon and three-photon tensor elements have beencalculated from different approaches; density functional theoryandab-initiotheory, employing different orders ofcorrelation treatment with the purpose to provide accuratevalues as well as evaluate the quality of the lower ordermethods. A combined study of the Multi-Photon Absorption andExcited State Absorption processes is motivated partly becausethey both contribute to the total optical response of a systemsubjected to intense radiation, but also because of theirconnection through so-called sum-over-states expressions. Thelatter feature is exploited in a generalized few-states model,which incorporates the polarization of the light and thedirections of the transition dipole moments constructing anexcitation channel, which thereby enables a more comprehensivecomparison of the attained transition dipole moments withexperimental data. Moreover, by decomposing a complex nonlinearresponse process such as Two-Photon Absorption into moreintuitive quantities, generalized few-states models may alsoenable a more elaborate interpretation of computed orexperimental results from which guidelines can be extracted inorder to control or optimize the property of interest. Ageneral conclusion originating from these models is that thetransition dipole moments in an excitation channel should bealigned in order to maximize the Two-Photon Absorptionprobability. The computational framework employed is responsetheory which through the response functions (linear, quadratic,cubic) offers alternative routes for evaluating the propertiesin focus; either directly and untruncated through the singleresidue of the quadratic or cubic response func- tions orthrough various schemes of truncated sum-over-statesexpressions where the key ingredients, transition dipolemoments, can be identified from the single residue of thelinear response function and double residue of the quadraticresponse function. The range of systems treated in the thesisstretches from diatomics, such as carbon monoxide and lithiumhydride, via small to large fundamental organic molecules, suchas formaldehyde, tetrazine and the trans-polyenes, to largechro- mophores, such astrans-stilbene, cumulenes, dithienothiophene,paracyclophane and organo-metallic systems, such as theplatinum(II)ethynyl compounds.