On Factors Influencing the Clinical Outcome in Orthognathic Surgery

Abstract: ABSTRACT Background. Orthognathic surgery means surgical correction of dentofacial and congenital deformities, which includes unsatisfactory facial aesthetics, malpositioned teeth, jaw moutcome osurgery. Developments within the invasive surgery and pharmacological modification of inflammatory responses. However, surgical morbidity after orthognathic surgery is still associated with undesirable sequelae such as damage to teeth, facial oedema, pain, neurosensory disturbances, prolonged recovery time and removal of titanium plates. Intraoperative anchorage of the occlusion is a major keystone in the implementation of the orthognathic planning during surgery. Bone anchor screws are therefore occasionally required in transalveolar positions as reinforced rigid emergency anchor for proper intermaxillary fixation in cases when orthodontic appliances loosen or when preoperative orthodontic treatment isn´t indicated. Furthermore, steroids are recommended to reduce swelling, pain, nausea and vomiting (PONV) and may promote nerve healing after surgery. The multimodal effects of steroids needs further investigation, thus the optimal dosages and the timing of administration is of great interest. Moreover, removal of inserted titanium fixation plates after surgery occur due to plate related complications. The reason for plate removal needs further investigation. Finally, different general anaesthetic protocols influence haemodynamics and subsequently postoperative pain, recovery and hospitalization. It is needed to understand the recovery process and to promote mobilization of the patient after surgery. Objectives. The aim of the first study was to evaluate two types of surgical techniques for insertion of bone anchor screws for intermaxillary fixation, regarding frequency of iatrogenic dental root injuries. The second trial investigated the efficacy of single versus repeated betamethasone doses on facial oedema, pain and neurosensory disturbances after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). The main objective of the third study was to investigate the incidence and reasons for removal of titanium fixation plates following orthognathic surgery, identify risk factors predisposing removal and to explore if the patients discomfort was reduced after removal. The primary objective of the fourth study was to evaluate haemodynamics and recovery parameters in relation to two general anaesthetic protocols; remifentanil-propofol based total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) versus fentanyl-sevoflurane based balanced inhalation anaesthesia (BA) in orthognathic surgery. The second objective was to evaluate long duration local anaesthesia on recovery parameters and hospitalization. Material & Methods. Study I: Two surgical techniques were compared retrospectively (n=123). Study II: Two study groups and a control group were compared with a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Repeated dose (4+8+4 mg betamethasone, n=14), single dose (16 mg betamethasone, n=11) and controls (n=12). Study III: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed (n=404) and additionally a questionnaire was used. Totally 323 (80%) patients responded the questionnaire and were subsequently included in the study. Study IV: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed (n=269). Ninety-four patients were audited due to strict inclusion criteria. Results. The first study revealed that the twist drill was hazardous in transalveolar positions since it could cause iatrogenic dental root injuries (p<0.001). The second study showed that steroids inhibited progression of facial oedema the first day after surgery (p=0.017). However, steroids did not reduce neurosensory disturbances over time. Reduced bleeding was associated with improved pain recovery over time (p=0.043). Patients requiring higher dosages of analgesics due to pain had significantly delayed recovery regarding neurosensory disturbances (p<0.001). The third study revealed that smoking, osteotomies perfo