Nursing documentation in clinical practice : Instrument development and evaluation of a comprehensive intervention programme

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe and analyse effects of a two-year comprehensive intervention concerning nursing documentation in patient records when using the VIPS model - a model designed to structure nursing documentation. Registered Nurses (RNs) from three acute care hospital wards participated in a two-year intervention programme, in addition, a fourth ward was used for comparison. The intervention consisted of education about nursing documentation in accordance with the VIPS model and organisational changes. To evaluate effects of the intervention patient records (n=269) were audited on three occasions: before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and three years after the intervention. For this purpose, a patient record audit instrument, the Cat-ch-Ing, was constructed and tested. The instrument aims at measuring both quantitatively and qualitatively to what extent the content of the nursing process is documented in the patient record. Inter-rater reliability, content validity, criterion-related validity, construct validity and internal consistency of the instrument were found to be satisfactory. A questionnaire was answered by 34 RNs to measure effects of the intervention. Their answer score was compared with the answer score of 343 RNs from other hospitals who had received a three-day course on nursing documentation based on the VIPS model. The questionnaire consisted of statements describing prerequisites and consequences about nursing documentation. Twenty RNs who had participated in the intervention programme also participated in focus group discussions on the effects of the intervention. The purpose was to describe their perceptions of and attitudes towards the effects of the intervention and to generate hypotheses for future research. The findings indicated a significant audit score increase in both quantity and quality of nursing documentation in the intervention wards immediately and three years after the intervention. The RNs who answered the questionnaire were largely in agreement about most of the specified consequences and prerequisites of nursing documentation. They perceived their documentation to increase patients' safety and to be beneficial to RNs in their daily work. The use of the VIPS model was considered a facilitator of the documentation process. Statements in the focus group discussions were that the structured way of documenting nursing care made the RNs 'think more' and 'think in a different way' about their work with their patients. Two types of role changing for the RNs were reported: change from a medical technical focus to a more nursing expertise orientation and change from a "hands on clinician" to more of an administrator. This study demonstrates that training RNs to use a structured documentation system improves their record-keeping and care planning skills, however, such a system is not sufficient. There are likely other factors in the organisation of the clinical practice that influence the action of documenting nursing care in addition to lack of knowledge and practice.