Mechanisms of type 1 diabetic serum-induced hyperactivation of CaV1 channels in the pancreatic β cell

Abstract: The pancreatic β cell relies on appropriate Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels to accomplish its unique function insulin secretion and to guarantee its viability. Well-regulated β cell CaV channels are critical to ensure adequate functional β cell mass, thereby maintaining adequate insulin release and glucose homeostasis in the body. When β cell CaV channels mediate insufficient or excessive Ca2+ influx due to either inherited or acquired defects, β cell becomes malfunctioning and even dies. Type 1 diabetic (T1D) serum hyperactivates β cell CaV1 channels driving Ca2+-dependent β cell apoptosis via previously unappreciated mechanisms. The present PhD work has mechanistically dissected T1D serum-induced hyperactivation of CaV1 channels in the β cell by combining patchclamp techniques, confocal microscopy, as well as molecular and cellular approaches. It reveals the following findings: Functional CaV1.3 channels reside in 20 % of mouse islet CaV1.2-/- β cells. They characteristically show a large unitary Ba2+ conductance with long-lasting openings in plasma membrane patches of islet cells endowed with undetectable voltage-gated Na+ currents, larger cell capacitance (> 7 pF) and insulin mRNA. These observations pinpoint β cell-specific CaV1.2-/- mice as a convenient small animal model for investigation of human β cell CaV1.3 channel-related disorders such as T1D serum-induced hyperactivation of β cell CaV1.3 channels. T1D serum hyperactivates both CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 channels by elevating their conductivity and number in the β cell plasma membrane. This finding emphasizes that both CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 channels are potential druggable targets for prevention of Ca2+ overload-induced β cell death. Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) in T1D serum is electrophysiologically validated to be the actual factor enhancing CaV channel currents in the β cell. This validation opens up the possibility to deplete or neutralize ApoCIII in T1D serum for medical intervention of CaV channel hyperactivation-driven β cell destruction. ApoCIII activates both PKA and Src kinase in a scavenger receptor class B type I/β1 integrin-dependent fashion to selectively hyperactivate β cell CaV1 channels without altering β cell CaV1 channel expression. ApoCIII-induced hyperactivation of β cell CaV1 channels results from the enriched density and increased activity of functional CaV1 channels in the β cell plasma membrane. This newly-identified signaling pathway shows great potential as a set of novel druggable targets for prevention of Ca2+-dependent β cell death in association with diabetes. The key endocytic protein syndapin I/PACSIN 1 (PCS1) is richly expressed in β cells to govern endocytic activity. PCS1-mediated endocytosis acts as a homeostatic control system to fine-tune the CaV1 channel density in the β cell plasma membrane. These findings add a new layer of complexity to the mechanisms of β cell CaV1 channel regulation. ApoCIII impairs both constitutive and regulated β cell endocytosis with no influence on PCS1 expression. Consequently, ApoCIII abrogates PCS1-dependent endocytic trafficking, thereby accumulating excessive CaV1 channels in the β cell plasma membrane. These results delineate a novel mechanism of Ca2+-dependent β cell destruction in diabetes development and reveal a promising and attractive option to counteract the critical diabetogenic process of Ca2+-dependent β cell death. Overall, the aforementioned findings depict a mechanistic picture of how ApoCIII renders CaV1 channels highly enriched and excessively activated in the β cell plasma membrane, thereby resulting in pathologically exaggerated Ca2+ influx and Ca2+-dependent β death. These findings lay the foundation for novel treatment strategies for diabetes.