Techniques and Application of Electron Spectroscopy Based on Novel X-ray Sources

Abstract: The curiosity of researchers to find novel characteristics and properties of matter constantly pushes for the development of instrumentation based on X-radiation. I present in this thesis techniques for electron spectroscopy based on developments of X-ray sources both in time structure and energy. One part describes a laser driven High-Harmonic Generation source and the application of an off-plane grating monochromator with additional beamlines and spectrometers. In initial experiments, the source is capable of producing harmonics between the 13th and 23rd of the fundamental laser 800 nm wavelength. The intensity in the 19th harmonic, after monochromatization, was measured to be above 1.2·1010 photons/second with a repetition rate of 5 kHz. The development of a chopper system synchronized to the bunch clock of an electron storage ring is also presented. The system can be used to adjust the repetition rate of a synchrotron radiation beam to values between 10 and 120 kHz, or for the modulation of continuous sources. The application of the system to both time of flight spectroscopy and laser pump X-ray probe spectroscopy is shown. It was possible to measure triple ionization of Kr and in applied studies the valence band of a laser excited dye-sensitized solar cell interface. The combination of the latter technique with transient absorption measurements is proposed.The organic molecule maleic anhydride (MA) and its binding configuration to the three anatase TiO2 crystals (101), (100), (001) has been investigated by means of Xray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine structure Spectroscopy (NEXAFS). The results provide information on the binding configuration to the 101 crystal. High Kinetic Energy Photoelectron Spectroscopy was used to investigate multilayers of complexes of iron, ruthenium and osmium. The benefit of hard X-rays for ex-situ prepared samples is demonstrated together with the application of resonant valence band measurements to these molecules.