Aspects of heart failure development and prevention in women

Abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a severe progressive condition. Women more often are older and suffer from heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), contrasting to men who more often are younger and suffer from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). As most previous research has been conducted on male HF patients and in hospital settings, the results may not be fully applicable for care of women with HF in the primary care context. Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to investigate aspects of risk factors for the development of heart failure in women. Methods: Two population studies conducted in Gothenburg Sweden, “The Prospective Population Studies of Women” (Papers I, II, III, IV) and “The Gerontological and Geriatric Population Studies in Gothenburg” (Paper I) were used. Women were followed from 1968 to 2016. Paper I prospectively studied the impact of obesity/overweight on the risk of developing HF in women of different ages. Paper II investigated prospectively whether a change in the level of physical activity or Body Mass Index (BMI) had any impact on risk of developing HF in women. In paper III impact of triglyceride and cholesterol levels on the future risk of HF development was studied in 50-year-old women. Paper IV studied secular trends in important cardiovascular risk factors for HF in five representative cohorts of 38 and 50-year-old women over a period of 48 years. Results: Obesity in young and middle ages proved to be a risk factor for later HF, but not so for older women. Being physically active in both younger and older ages protected against development of HF. Increased level of physical activity in older ages was protective. Increased triglyceride levels in 50-year-old women was associated with the development of later HF. Secular trends show that most risk factors for HF in women decreased in later born cohorts, but BMI, mental stress and frequency of depressive symptoms increased in some of the cohorts. Conclusion: A healthy lifestyle is of great importance to reduce the risk of developing HF in women. Different preventive measurements have different impact on HF development in women of different ages. Primary prevention is especially important since there is a lack of medical treatment proven effective for the heart failure phenotype most prevalent in women.