Reproduction in the “Virgin Lands” : Fertility Outcomes in Kazakhstan

Abstract: This dissertation studies patterns in childbearing and reproductive behaviour in Kazakhstan, a context that has undergone a process of re-traditionalization since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Study I focuses on ethnic differentials in progressions to first, second, third, and fourth births, and assesses differentials by socioeconomic status. Study II explores how childbearing plans relate to gender ideology and the division of labour in the household. Study III looks at religious differentials in contraceptive use and potential mechanisms behind the association. The three outcomes represent key moments in fertility careers. The case of Kazakhstan tells us about the possibility of reversed demographic transition. It also points to the context-dependence of progress in gender revolution and hints at distinct forms of gender ideology. It further explores factors that might explain religious differences in contraceptive use.