The vegetation of kettle-holes in central Poland

Abstract: The study aimed at an investigation of the vegetation of kettle-holes in the agricultural landscape of the Ziemia Chelminska region in northern central Poland. Most of these kettle-holes have been influenced strongly by human activities. 120 community types were described with regard to their species composition, structure, differentiation, synanthropization, ecological conditions and dynamics, as well as their affinities to similar plant communities from other regions in Europe. The significance of the kettle-holes as a natural resource is briefly discussed.