Implementation of Carrier Phase Recovery Circuits for Optical Communication

Abstract: Fiber-optic links form a vital part of our increasingly connected world, and as the number of Internet users and the network traffic increases, reducing the power dissipation of these links becomes more important. A considerable part of the total link power is dissipated in the digital signal processing (DSP) subsystems, which show a growing complexity as more advanced modulation formats are introduced. Since DSP designers can no longer take reduced power dissipation with each new CMOS process node for granted, the design of more efficient DSPalgorithms in conjunction with circuit implementation strategies focused on power efficiency is required. One part of the DSP for a coherent fiber-optic link is the carrier phase recovery (CPR) unit, which can account for a significant portion of the DSP power dissipation, especially for shorter links. A wide range of CPR algorithms is available, but reliable estimates of their power efficiency is missing, making accurate comparisons impossible. Furthermore, much of the current literature does not account for the limited precision arithmetic of the DSP. In this thesis, we develop circuit implementations based on a range of suggested CPR algorithms, focusing on power efficiency. These circuits allow us to contrast different CPR solutions based not only on power dissipation, but also on the quality of the phase estimation, including fixed-point arithmetic aspects. We also show how different parameter settings affect the power efficiency and the implementation penalty. Additionally, the thesis includes a description of our field-programmable gate-array fiber-emulation environment, which can be used to study rare phenomena in DSP implementations, or to reach very low bit-error rates. We use this environment to evaluate the cycle-slip probability of a CPR implementation.