Business models for the 3D food printing industry

Abstract: 3D food printing is a fascinating novel technology with many promising applications, from futuristic-looking food topersonalized nutrition, and space food for astronauts. However, much of its potential is only realized in the laboratoryor speculated in the literature. This research is an attempt to explore the barriers to the diffusion of this newtechnology to the wider market. It argues that the choice of the business model plays as important a role as thetechnical characteristics of the technology itself. By using both the concept of business model innovation and productinnovation, some of the barriers could be first better understood, reduced, and overcome.The research consists of findings from two studies presented in two appended papers. The first study is qualitativeresearch that provides a stock of what business models are being used to commercialize 3D food printingtechnology. The second study explores the possibilities of using business model innovation to reduce the barriersto new technology diffusion in a new market.The research contributes to the empirical knowledge of business and economic aspects of 3D food printingtechnology. It contributes to the field of business model research by complementing empirical studies of businessmodel innovation in the context of novel technology. The comparisons of business model patterns in 3D food printingcould be generalized and applied to make similar comparisons between industries. Further research can focus onthe experiment with the integration of business model innovation and product development, including the design,testing and evaluation phases.On the managerial side, the business model patterns could serve as a starting point for companies looking for a wayto innovate the business model in new directions. Replication of proven and functioning business models mayreduce risk and development time.